Decision Sciences Institute,
Southwest Region
2006 Annual Conference, March 1-4, 2006
Oklahoma City, OK
Registration and Hotel Information:
2005 – 2006 Officers
President: John Seydel, Arkansas State University
President-Elect: Chang-tseh Hsieh, University of Southern Mississippi
Program Chair: David C. Chou, Eastern Michigan University
Program Chair-Elect: Bonnie Daily, New Mexico State University
Secretary: Carl Rebman, University of San Diego
VP – Finance: Mohan Rao, University of Texas – Pan American
VP – Student Liaison: Joe Felan, University of Arkansas – Little Rock
VP – Member Services: Brian Reithel, The University of Mississippi
DSI Regionally-Elected VP: Robert Pavur, University of North Texas
Regional Archivist: Roy Martin, Texas State University
Publications Coordinator: Carl Rebman, University of San Diego
Council Members: Sanjay Mehta, Sam Houston State University
Ken Black, University of Houston – Clear Lake
Hadley Leavell, Sam Houston State University
Stephen Lunce, Midwestern State University
Bala Maniam, Sam Houston State University
Kamlesh Mehta, Sierra Nevada College
Pete Chong, University of Houston – Downtown
Charlotte Jones, Louisiana State University – Shreveport
Fred Kitchens, Ball State University
Past President: Binshan Lin, Louisiana State University - Shreveport
Track Chairs
Accounting: Roderick B. Posey, University of Southern Mississippi
Economics and Finance: Balasundram Maniam, Sam Houston State University
E-Commerce / E-Topics: P. Pete Chong, University of Houston – Downtown
DSS/ES/KM: Joseph Wen, Southeast Missouri State University
International Business: Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University
Health Care: John Vassar, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Innovative Education: Lynn Heinrichs, Elon University
Information Security & Privacy: Fred Wu, University of North Texas
Management Info Systems: Lai C. Liu, University of Texas – Pan American
Management: Bonnie F. Daily, New Mexico State University
Marketing: Gail M. Zank, Texas State University – San Marcos
Karen Smith, Texas State University – San Marcos
Network/Wireless Technologies Amjad Abdullat, West Texas A&M University
Operations & SCM: Charlotte Jones, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Quantitative Methods & Quality: Farhad Moeeni, Arkansas State University
Student Track: Joe T. Felan, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Proceedings Editor: Mohan Rao, University of Texas – Pan American
Proceedings Production
Coordinator: Carl M. Rebman, Jr., University of San Diego
(Tentative Schedule, Rooms to be determined by the FBD)
Thursday, 7:00 – 8:00 am
Southwest Decision Sciences Institute, Officers and Directors Meeting, Continental Breakfast
Presiding: John Seydel, Arkansas State University
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Thursday, 8:30 – 10:00 am
Session A Accounting
Chair: Mary Fischer, University of Texas - Tyler
What is Wrong with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act
Heng Hsieu Lin, Washington State University at Vancouver
Frederick H. Wu, University of North Texas
Stochastic Modeling of Cash Flow Statements
Dennis F. Togo, University of New Mexico
Benefits and Drawbacks of Rfid in a Post-Sarbanes Oxley World
Amanda Krueger, University of North Texas
Mary B. Curtis, University of North Texas
Computer Security Awareness of Accounting Students
Chlotia
P. Garrison, Winthrop University
O. Guy Posey, Alabama A&M University
Session B Information Security and Privacy - I
Chair: Balasundram Maniam, Sam Houston State University
Illegal P2P File Sharing: Technical Solutions are Available
Brett J. L. Landry, University of New Orleans
Dinah Payne, University of New Orleans
Identity Theft and Online Fraud
Balasundram Maniam, Sam Houston State University
Jimmy Smith, Sam Houston State University
Stephen E. Lunce, Midwestern State University
Can Company E-Mail Avoid Becoming Evidence Mail?
Frank Cavaliere, Lamar University
Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University
Cynthia Barnes, Lamar University
Session C MIS Issue: IT Outsourcing
Chair: Kai S. Koong, The University of Texas-Pan American
Some Reasons for Failed Information Technology Outsourcing Initiatives and How Capital Budgeting and Value Chain Analysis can Help
Chuck Johnston, Midwestern State University
Lindsey Johnston, Anderson, Spector & Co., P.C.
Strategies for Offshore Outsourcing of IT Work
George Mangalaraj, The University of Texas at Arlington
Determinants of Global IT Outsourcing
Yong Jian Wang, The University of Texas-Pan American
Kai S. Koong, The University of Texas-Pan American
Information Technology Outsourcing: Issues and Future Analyses
Vikas Saini, Miami University
David Yen, Miami University
David Chou, Eastern Michigan University
Session D Quantitative Methods and Quality
Chair: Gary Kelley, West Texas A&M University
A Guided Search Algorithm for the Maximum Clique Problem
Hassan Z. Younies, United Arab Emirate University
Determining Valid Underlying Retail Demand Rates for Proposed Prediction Model of Slow Moving Merchandise
Matt Lindsey, University of Texas at Tyler
Robert Pavur, University of North Texas
Statistical Modeling
Frank Landram, West Texas A&M University
James R. Cook, Texas State University
Roy Martin, Texas State University
Comparative Performance of ARIMA and ARCH/GARCH Models on Time Series of Monthly Equity Prices for Large Companies – Recipient of 2006 McGraw/Hill Distinguished Paper Award
John Sparks, University of Illinois at Chicago
Yuliya Yurova, University of Illinois at Chicago
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Thursday, 10:30 – Noon
Session A Economics and Finance - I
Chair: Sung Chul No, Southern University and A&M College
Asymmetric Monetary Policy Effects on Firms’ Inventory Dynamics in Friction Capital Market
Xiaolou Yang, The University of Texas at Austin
Exchange Rate and Stock Market: Evidence from India and Japan
Baramber Mishra, McNeese State University
Matiur Rahman, McNeese State University
Momentum and Incentive Intensity
Yan Shi, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Session B E-Commerce
Chair: Stephen E. Lunce, Midwestern State University
Success and Failure of Pure-Play Organizations: Webvan Versus Peapod, A Comparative Analysis
Stephen E. Lunce, Midwestern State University
Leslie M. Lunce, North Lake College
Balasundrum Maniam, Sam Houston State University
Persuasiveness of Online Recommendations: A Comparison Study
Qinyu Liao, The University o f Texas at Brownsville & Texas Southmost College
J. P. Shim, Mississippi State University
A Framework for Selecting E-commerce Business Models
Imran K. Jalozie, Illinois State University
H. Joseph Wen, Southeast Missouri State University
H. Lisa Huang, Southeast Missouri State University
Web-Based Electronic Commerce Usage: A Contingency Model of Antecedents and Outcomes
Carlo A. Mora-Monge, New Mexico State University
S. Subba Rao, The University of Toledo
Session C MIS Issue: IS Education
Chair: Mohan Rao, The University of Texas Pan American
Measuring the Success of Information Systems: Case Study of a University Student Services System
Mohan Rao, The University of Texas Pan American
A Study of Information Technology Job Skills
Lai C. Liu, University of Texas - Pan American
Kai S. Koong, University of Texas - Pan American
Les Rydl, University of Texas - Pan American
The Traditional Approach versus the Information Systems Approach to Teaching Microsoft Office
Paula Ruby, Arkansas State University
Computer Literacy Course: To be or Not to be
Mohan Rao, The University of Texas Pan American
Jim Keefe, Texas State University
Vivek Shah, Texas State University
Session D Panel - I
Topic: Assurance of Learning Assessment in Statistics, Production/Operations/Supply Chain Management and Management Science/Operations Research
The AACSB International Standards state that the curriculum management process will normally include learning experiences in statistical data analysis and management sciences. To comply with the new standards, AACSB schools are assessing learning in decision sciences areas in a variety of ways. Participants from several SWDSI institutions will discuss how their colleges are addressing assurance of learning assessment in statistics, production/operations/supply chain management and management science/operations research.
Panel Chair: Charlotte Jones, Louisiana State University at Shreveport
Panel Members: Tom Jones, University of Arkansas
Robert Pavur, University of North Texas
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Thursday, 1:30 – 3:00 pm
Session A International Business and Technology Management
Chair: Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University
Business Practices and Performance in U.S. Manufacturing Companies
Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University
Enrique (Henry) Venta, Lamar University
Discourse between Strategy Formation and Implementation: Strategic Migration for Cost-Based Competitive Advantage
Yue Cai, New Mexico State University;
Mark E. Hillon, University of Central Oklahoma
Performance Analysis of Global Information Technology Industry: Place or Sector?
Jeffrey S. Siekpe, Tennessee State University
Aurore J. Kamssu, Tennessee State University
Spanish-to-English Translation Using the Web
Milam Aiken, The University of Mississippi
Zachary Wong, Sonoma State University
Session B Innovative Education - I
Chair: Lynn R. Heinrichs, Elon University
The FORT Matrix: A Pedagogical Tool for Strategic Management Case Analysis – Recipient of Alpha Iota Delta Innovative Education Award
John K.S. Chong, Southeastern Oklahoma State University
C.W. Von Bergen, Southeastern Oklahoma State University
A Spreadsheet Approach to Teaching Shadow Price as Imputed Worth
Jerry Allison, University of Central Oklahoma
Relevancy vs. Reasonableness: Selecting a Senior Assessment for a Small CIS Program
Megan S. Conklin, Elon University;
Lynn R. Heinrichs, Elon University
Characteristics and Models of Current MIS Faculty Salaries in the United States
Milam Aiken, The University of Mississippi
Zachary Wong, Sonoma State University
Session C MIS Issue: Organizational Processes
Chair: Lisa Miller, University of Central Oklahoma
Researches of Cognitive Process and their Applications to Organizational Change in Information Systems
Jaesung Sim, University of Arkansas at Little Roc
Robert Cutshall, Texas A&M U - Corpus Christi
Transformational Leadership in Technology Post-Adoption Period: A Motivational Factor for Acquiring Technology Enhancement Information
Kirill M. Yurov, University of Illinois at Chicago
Richard E. Potter, University of Illinois at Chicago
Identifying Direction of Causality between Investments in Supply Chains and Buyer
Supplier Relationships – A Meta Analysis
Anil Singh, University of Texas at Arlington
Aakash Taneja, University of Texas at Arlington
James Teng, University of Texas at Arlington
Airline Passenger Information Systems and Process Improvements
Dave Raymond, Continental Airlines, Inc.
Peter DeVries, University of Houston-Downtown
P. Pete Chong, Chang Gung University, Taiwan
Session D Operations and Supply Chain Management
Chair: David A. Parmenter, West Texas A&M University
Information Requirements for Strategic Decision Making in the Production Environment
Eugene Calvasina, Southern University
Mysore Ramaswamy, Southern University
Richard Calvasina, University of West Florida
Gerald Calvasina, Southern Utah University
The Implementation of Supply Chain Management at Microfirms
David A. Parmenter, West Texas A&M University
Terry Pearson, West Texas A&M University
Suppliers Involvement, Concurrent Engineering, and Product Development Flexibility in Different Industrial Clock Speed
Amy Chou, The University of Toledo
David Chou, Eastern Michigan University
Strategies for Reducing Inventory Costs and Mitigating the Bull Whip Effect in Supply Chains: A Simulation Study
James R. Burns, Texas Tech University
Balaji Janamanchi, Texas Tech University
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Thursday, 3:30 – 5:00 pm
Session A Health Care and Technology
Chair: Norris White Gunby, Jr., Elon University
Information Science and Technology is Applied to the Analysis of Medicine Management
Chien Wen Hong, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Taiwan
The Critical Link of CPOE and Patient Safety
Rukhama Jamil, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Binshan Lin, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
John A. Vassar, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Assessing the Impact of Concern for Privacy and Innovation Characteristics in the Adoption of Biometric Technologies
Aakash Taneja, University of Texas at Arlington
Ailing Wang, University of Texas at Arlington
M. K. Raja, University of Texas at Arlington
Session B MIS Issue: Technology Management
Chair: Anurag Jain, University of Texas - Arlington
The Struggle for the Expansion of Broadband Access in the United States
Jere Hatcher, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Framework for Evaluating Global E-Government Websites
Adesegun Oyedele, The University of Texas-Pan American
Kai S. Koong, The University of Texas-Pan American
A Classification of Auction Mechanism: Potentiality for Agent Modeling
Anurag Jain, University of Texas - Arlington
Riyaz Sikora, University of Texas - Arlington
Using Data Warehouse in Decision Support Systems
Hongwei Du, California State University, East Bay
Session C Management Issue: Organizational Leadership
Chair: James W. Bishop, New Mexico State University
Perceived Effectiveness of Supervisory Leadership Behaviors in a Manufacturing-Union Environment
Nalini Govindarajulu, Creighton University
Bonnie Daily, New Mexico State University
The Leadership Pattern at Dilmah Tea in Sri Lanka
S. Kanthi Herath, Lynchburg College
A. Herath, Lynchburg College
Perceived Coworker Support and Task Interdependence: A Moderated Model of Police Officers' Performance
R. David Fass, New Mexico State University
James W. Bishop, New Mexico State University
Michael Glissmeyer, New Mexico State University
Law Enforcement Officers’ Stress and Intent to Quit the Organization: the Roles of Perceived Community Support, Perceived Local Government Support, and Perceived City Manager Support
Michael Glissmeyer, New Mexico State University
James W. Bishop, New Mexico State University
R. David Fass, New Mexico State University
Session D Joint ABIS and SWDSI Panel Discussion
Topic: The State of IS Enrollments: Have We Turned the Corner?
Information systems programs across the nation have suffered from a decline in enrollments. Many reasons have been offered for the decline such as the dot com bust and the media focus on outsourcing of information technology jobs. While waiting for the decline to reverse, programs must sustain themselves or risk losing valuable resources such as faculty. Panelists will discuss the enrollment patterns at their own institutions, what actions they have taken to sustain their programs, and their expectations for future enrollments.
Panel Co-chairs: Lynn R. Heinrichs, Elon University
Julie McDonald, Northwestern State University
Panel Members: Betty A. Kleen, Nicholls State University
Walter Creighton, Northwestern State University
Carol J. Jeffries-Horner, Our Lady of the Lake University
Beverly J. Oswalt, Southern Arkansas University
Brian J. Reithel, The University of Mississippi
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Thursday, 5:00 – 6:00 pm
SWDSI 2006 Business Meeting – Room to be determined
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Friday, 8:30 – 10:00 am
Session A Investment and Marketing Management
Chair: Chuo-hsuan (Jason) Lee, Louisiana State University in Shreveport
Investment Defined: The Migration and Broadening of its Usage
O. Guy Posey, Alabama A&M University
Carolyn Maxwell, Alabama A&M University
Loriel Purnell, Alabama A&M University
Kathryn Sides, Wallace State College
Roderick Posey, University of Southern Mississippi
What Do Consumers Look for in a Bank?
Ugur Yavas, East Tennessee State University
Emin Babakus, The University of Memphis
Nicholas J. Ashill, Victoria University of Wellington
Use of Marketing Management Decision Tools in Public Policy Decisions
Jens Graff, Umeå University, Sweden
George Tesar, Umeå University, Sweden
Session B Decision Support Systems
Chair: Pradeep Kumar, ICFAI Business School
A Web Based Decision Support System for Analyzing Water Resources Management Policy
Pankaj Barua, Tezpur University, India
Purnendu Mandal, Lamar University
Rajiv Goswami, Tezpur University, India
Improving Decision Support Systems in Human Capital Management
Renee Warning, University of Central Oklahoma
Mark E. Hillon, University of Central Oklahoma
An Intelligent Decision Support System for Performance Evaluation of State-Owned Enterprises of Electronics Industry
Wei-Kang Wang, Yuan Ze University, Taiwan
Session C Information Security and Privacy - II
Chair: Richard Segall, Arkansas State University
Building a Universal Secure E-Mail System
Shankara K Narayandas, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Chung-Huang Yang, National Kaohsiung Normal University
T.R.N. Rao, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Information Security with Respect To Blogging Technology: An Organizational Change Perspective
Melinda Cline, Texas Wesleyan University
Thomas Bell, Texas Wesleyan University
Does Consumer Education Help to Improve Customers’ Understanding Toward Assurance Service Providers?
Te-Wei Wang, University of Illinois at Springfield
Chih-Chen Lee, Northern Illinois University
Session D Symposium on Student Engagement and Learning
Chair: Mary D. Teal, University of Central Oklahoma
The Entrepreneur Ship: Will it Sail without You?
Mary D. Teal, University of Central Oklahoma
S.M.I.L.E. Techniques to Enliven Education
Mary Teal, University of Central Oklahoma
Katherene P. Terrell, University of Central Oklahoma
Robert L. Terrell, University of Central Oklahoma
Student Preparation and Participation are the Keys to Student Success
Bambi A. Hora, University of Central Oklahoma
Mary F. Sheets, University of Central Oklahoma
Katherene P. Terrell, University of Central Oklahoma
Robert L. Terrell, University of Central Oklahoma
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Friday, 10:30 - Noon
Session A Economics and Finance - II
Chair: Melissa V. Melancon, University of Louisiana at Monroe
Financial Analysis of Financial Institutions in an Evolving Environment
Henry W. Collier, University of Woolongong
Carl B. McGowan, Jr., Norfolk State University
Junaina Muhammad, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Quarterly Hog Price Forecasts: An Application of Time-series Input-Output Price Model
Sung Chul No, Southern University and A&M College
Christopher G. Davis, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Immigration: Prospects and Policies
James Alexander, Alabama A&M University
Marvin Adcock, Alabama A&M University
Paulette Alexander, University of North Alabama
Outsourcing to India
Ashish Oza, Sam Houston State University
Kathy Hill, Sam Houston State University
Session B Knowledge Management Systems
Chair: Aakash Taneja, University of Texas at Arlington
Applications of Neural Network and Genetic Algorithm Data Mining Techniques in Bioinformatics Knowledge Discovery - A Preliminary Study
Richard S. Segall, Arkansas State University
Qingyu Zhang, Arkansas State University
Creation of a Customer-Communication Knowledge Web for High Performance Organization
Tapati Bandopadhyay, ICFAI Business School
Pradeep Kumar, ICFAI Business School
Market Intelligence Data Collection from Heterogeneous Sources with Similarity-Based Selection Clustering Technique Using Knowledge Maps: A Heuristic Approach
Tapati Bandopadhyay, ICFAI Business School
Pradeep Kumar, ICFAI Business School
Arjya Chakravarty, ICFAI Business School
Visualization Techniques for Data Mining in Business Context - A Comparative Analysis
Ralph K. Yeh, University of Texas at Arlington
Session C MIS Issue: Information Systems Applications
Chair: David Hartmann, University of Central Oklahoma
Information Systems Risk Assessment Methods
Jaymeen R. Shah, Southwest Texas State University
Mirza B. Murtaza, Middle Tennessee State University
Factors Influencing End-User Intention to Use Expert Systems: A Theoretical Model
Khaled Alshare, Emporia State University
Elizabeth Williams, Emporia State University
Arsjad Sjamusddin, Emporia State University
Customer Relationship Management: How Casinos are Taking Advantage of Technology to Improve and Retain Customer Relations
Chang-tseh Hsieh, University of Southern Mississippi
Michael D. Barnes, University of Southern Mississippi
Session D Panel – II
Topic: Statistics, Data Mining, and Business Intelligence
For Data Mining (DM) to enable competitive advantages in generating revenue and creating business opportunities, statistical techniques and thinking are important components. While many researchers urge incorporating statistics into DM, they substantially ignore the effect of DM on the development of statistics itself. No study empirically investigates this. Towards this end, this panel will discuss several issues, including:
Panel Chair: Ailing Wang, The University of Texas at Arlington
Panel Members: Mary Whiteside, The University of Texas at Arlington
James T. C. Teng, The University of Texas at Arlington
Choudor Lakshminarayan, Hewlett Packard Lab at Austin
Victoria Chen, The University of Texas at Arlington
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Friday, 1:30 – 3:00 pm
Session A Innovative Education - II: Topic Table
Chair: Wayne Headrick, University of Texas - Pan American
Comparing Perceived and Measured Computer Literacy: A Non-Parametric Investigation
Kimberly L. Merritt, Cameron University
K. David Smith, Cameron University
John C. Di Renzo, Jr., Cameron University
John Courington, Cameron University
Cluster Computing as a Teaching Module in Information Systems Courses
Fred L. Kitchens, Ball State University
Carl M. Rebman Jr., The University of San Diego
Sushil K. Sharma, Ball State University
Study Abroad, International Internship and Experiential Learning: A World-Class Adventure in Learning
Rodney Vandeveer, Purdue University
Michael L. Menefee, Purdue University
Session B Information Security and Privacy - III
Chair: Frederick H. Wu, University of North Texas
Security Issues in Customer Relationship Management Systems
Huei Lee, Eastern Michigan University
Kuo Lane Chen, University of Southern Mississippi
Chen-Chi Shing, Radford University
Marn-Ling Shing, Taipei Municipal Teachers’ College
Considerations on the Design of Supply Chain Networks
Kuo Lane Chen, University of Southern Mississippi
Huei Lee, Eastern Michigan University
Jiaqin Yang, Georgia College & State University
Wireless Network Security
Hongwei Du, California State University, East Bay
Session C Data Network and Policy Modeling
Chair: James R. Burns, Texas Tech University
The Digital Divide
Ihssan Alkadi, University of Louisiana at Lafayette
Ghassan Alkadi, Southeastern Louisiana University
ICT Development Policy of Uzbek Government
Saitkulov Akbar, Westminster International University in Tashkent
New Initiative Way of Teaching Data Communications and Networking Class Online with Networking Virtual Labs
Ronald Mashburn, West Texas A&M University
Towards a Current National Energy Model with Implications for a Sustainable Energy Policy
James R. Burns, Texas Tech University
Balaji Janamanchi, Texas Tech University
Session C Student Papers - I
Chair: Joe T. Felan, University of Arkansas at Little Rock
Strategies for Offshore Outsourcing of IT Work
George Mangalaraj, The University of Texas at Arlington
Creating and Maintaining a Website for a Small Nonprofit Organization
O. Guy Posey, Alabama A&M University
Sabuj Banerjee, Alabama A&M University
Marcus Byrd, Alabama A&M University
DeNeil Reaves, Alabama A&M University
A Survey of Information Technologies in Logistics Management
Anil Gurung, University of Texas at Arlington
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Friday, 3:30 – 5:00 pm
Session A Management Issue: Human Resource and Service
Chair: Randall Florey, Tarleton State University
Micro vs. Medium: A Profile of Human Resource Personnel and Practices
Terry R. Pearson, West Texas A&M University
Donna Y. Stringer, West Texas A&M University
LaVelle H. Mills, West Texas A&M University
David F. Summers, University of Houston – Victoria
"The Blind Men and the Elephant”: A Postmodern Analysis of the Resistance to Organizational Change
Yiling Ge, New Mexico State University
Police Officer’s Performance and Intent to Quit: the Role of Professional Commitment
James W. Bishop, New Mexico State University
Bonnie F. Daily, New Mexico State University
K. Dow Scott, Loyola University Chicago
Lt. Randy Lara, Las Cruces Police Department
Service Recovery: Implications for Conflict Resolution
Donald Baack, Pittsburg State University
Eric G. Harris, Pittsburg State University
Kenneth E. Clow, University of Louisiana at Monroe
Session B MIS Issue: Information Systems Culture
Chair: Lai C. Liu, University of Texas - Pan American
Web Disclosures of Ethics Coverage by Universities
Kai S. Koong, University of Texas - Pan American
Lai C. Liu, University of Texas - Pan American
Ping Lin, University of Texas - Pan American
Model of Culture and Global Identity Theft
Yvette N. Essounga, University of Texas - Pan American
Kai S. Koong, University of Texas - Pan American
New Trends in the Perceived Importance of IS Knowledge/Skill Areas
Kelly E. Fish, Arkansas State University
John Seydel, Arkansas State University
Russell Jones, Arkansas State University
Session C Student Papers - II
Chair: Huei Lee, Eastern Michigan University
Asymmetric Monetary Policy Effects on Firms’ Inventory Dynamics in Friction Capital Market
Xiaolou Yang, The University of Texas at Austin
Momentum and Incentive Intensity
Yan Shi, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
Confronting the Performance Issues Related to Dynamic Web Technologies
John A. Hines, Arkansas State University